tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17184627599941409832024-02-19T22:31:53.954-08:00EXTRAORDIONERYAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16390600182959720541noreply@blogger.comBlogger7125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1718462759994140983.post-53479877647832968192012-07-15T06:57:00.000-07:002012-07-15T06:57:52.879-07:00ekologiOleh :<br />
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Nama : Nikmatul Khoiriyah<br />
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<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">EKOLOGI
MIKROORGANISME PADA MAKANAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah
dan jenis mikroorganisme yang terdapat pada berbagai makanan sangat spesifik.
Hal ini disebabkan karena pengaruh selektif yang terjadi terhadap jumlah dan
jenis mikroorganisme mikroorganisme pada makanan, sehingga satu atau beberapa
jenis mikroorganisme menjadi dominan dari pada lainnya dan merupakan
mikroorganisme yang spesifik pada makanan tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
jumlah dan jenis mikroorganisme pada makanan dapat di bedakan atas empat faktor
utama, yaitu faktor intrinsic, factor ekstrinsik, factor pengolahan dan factor
implicit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">FAKTOR INTRINSIK</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Sifat-sifat fisik, kimia dan
struktur makanan yang mempengaruhi populasi dan pertumbuhan mikroorganisme
disebut faktor intrinsik. Faktor-faktor tersebut terdiri dari :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai
pH</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktivitas
air (a<sub>w</sub>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Potensi
oksidasi-reduksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kandungan
nutrisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Senyawa
antimikrobe</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur
Biologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai Ph</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebanyakan
mikroorganisme tumbuh baik pada pH sekitar 7.0 (6.6-7.5), dan hanya beberapa
yang dapat tumbuh di bawah pH 4.0. Bakteri mempunyai kisaran pH<span> </span>pertumbuhan yang lebih sempit di bandingkan
dengan kapang dan khamir. Nilai pH atau keasaman makanan di pengaruhi oleh asam
yang terdapat pada makanan tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktivitas air (a<sub>w</sub>)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai
a<sub>w </sub><span> </span>kebanyakan makanan segar
adalah di atas 0.99. Kebanyakan bakteri pembusuk tidak dapat tumbuh pada a<sub>w</sub>
di bawah 0.91, sedangkan kebanyakan khamir pembusuk tidak dapat tumbuh pada a<sub>w</sub>
di bawah 0.88, dan kebanyakan kapang pembusuk tidak dapat tumbuh pada a<sub>w</sub>
di bawah 0.80.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Potensi Oksidasi-reduksi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mikroorganisme
berbeda dalam sensitivitsnya terhadap potensi oksidasi-reduksi dari medium
pertumbuhannya. Potensi oksidasi-reduksi dari substrat menunjukkan kemampuan
substratuntuk melepaskan elektron (teroksidasi) atau menerima elektron
(tereduksi).Potensi oksidasi-reduksi suatu system di beri symbol Eh.
Mikroorganisme aerobik memerlukan nilai Eh positif (teroksidasi), sedangkan
mikroorganisme anaerobik memerlukan nilai Eh negative (tereduksi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kandungan Nutrisi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Untuk dapat tumbuh dan berfungsi
secara normal, mikroorganisme membutuhkan komponen-komponen sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Air</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber
energi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber
nitrogen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin
dan faktor pertumbuhan lainnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mineral</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
kebutuhan nutrien untuk pertumbuhannya, kapang mempunyai kebutuhan nutrien yang
paling minimal, di ikuti dengan khamir, kemudian bakteri gram negatif,
sedangkan bakteri gram positif mempunyai kebutuhan nutrien yang paling tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Senyawa Antimikrobe</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketahanan
makanan terhadap serangan mikroorganisme juga di pengaruhi oleh adanya
senyawa-senyawa antimikrobe yang disebut laktenin dan suatu senyawa
antikoliform. Selain itu susu mentah mengandung laktoperosidase yang efektif
terhadap streptokoki. Senyawa antimikrobe lainnya yaitu lisozim di dalam putih
telur dan asam benzoate di dalam beberapa buah-buahan (cranberries). Lipid dan
minyak esensial, misalnya eugenol di dalam cengkeh dan aldehide sinamat di
dalam kayu manis, juga mempunyai sifat antimikrobe.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sttuktur Biologi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Beberapa bahan pangan mempunyai struktur
spesifik yang melindungi terhadap masuknya organism pembusuk dan proses
pembusukan selanjutnya. Contoh struktur tersebut misalnya tesat pada
biji-bijian, kulit buah-buahan, kulit telur, kulit kacang, kulit pada hewan dan
ikan, dsb. Selain tekstur bahan pangan juga mempengaruhi kecepatan pembusuk
oleh organisme pembusuk.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">FAKTOR EKSTRINSIK</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor ekstrinsik
adalah kondissi lingkungan penyimpanan yang mempengaruhi makanan jumlah dan
jenis mikroorganisme pada makanan terutama adalah suhu penyimpanan, kelembaban
relatif lingkungan, dan susunan gas dilingkungan tempat penyimpanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suhu</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
suhu optimum pertumbuhannya, mikroorganisme dapat di bedakan atas tiga grup,
yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Psikorfil </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yang
mempunyai suhu optimum 5 - 15<sup>0 </sup>C dengan kisaran suhu pertumbuhan -5
- 20<sup>0</sup> C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mesofil </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yang
mempunyai suhu optimum 20 - 40<sup>0 </sup>C dengan kisaran suhu pertumbuhan 10
- 45<sup>0 </sup>C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Termofil </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yang
mempunyai suhu optimum 45 - 65<sup>0</sup> C dengan kisaran suhu pertumbuhan 25
- 80<sup>0 </sup>C </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelembaban Relatif</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelembaban
relatif (RH) lingkungan tempat penyimpanan mempengaruhi a<sub>w</sub> di dalam
makanan. Makanan dengan a<sub>w </sub>rendah akan menyerap air jika disimpan di
dalam lingkungan dengan RH tinggi. Demikian juga sebaliknya makanan dengan a<sub>w</sub>
tinggi akan kehilangan air jika di simpan di dalam ruangan dengan RH rendah.
Dalam memilih RH lingkungan yang tepat, perlu di perhatikan kemungkinan
pertumbuhan mikroorganisme pembusuk dengan tetap mempertahankan mutu makanan
yang di simpan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Susunan Gas Atmosfer</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyimpanan
buah-buahan di dalam ruangan dengan konsentrasi CO<sub>2</sub> di naikkan
sampai 10 % ternyata dapat mencegah pertumbuhan kapang yang biasanya menyerang
buah-buahan. Selain CO<sub>2</sub>, ozon (O<sub>3</sub>) juga mempunyai efek
mengawetkan terhadap beberapa makanan. Jumlah dan jenis mikroorganisme yang
tumbuh pada bahan pangan sangat di pengaruhi oleh ada tidaknya oksigen di
sekelilingnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">FAKTOR IMPLISIT</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Faktor implisit adalah parameter
biotik yang mempengaruhi jumlah dan jenis mikroorganisme yang terdapat di dalam
makanan dan meliputi antagonisme, sinergisme dan sintrofisme. Sinergisme dan
antagonism terjadi terutama melalui pembentukan senyawa perangsang (untuk
sinergisme) atau penghambat (untuk antagonisme). Sintrofisme adalah pertumbuhan
antara dua organisme sehingga membentuk kondisi nutrisi yang memungkinkan
mikrobe lainnya untuk tumbuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">FAKTOR PENGOLAHAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
seleksi oleh faktor-faktor intrinsik dan ekstrinsik, jumlah dan jenis
mikroorganisme yang terdapat di dalam makanan juga di pengaruhi oleh proses
pengolahan yang dilakukan terhadap makanan tersebut. Perlakuan panas, irradiasi
dan penggunaan senyawa penstrisil seperti etilen oksidase pada umumnya dapat
membunuh semua atau sebagian mikroorganisme pembusuk. Disamping itu, beberapa
tahap dalam proses pengolahan kadang-kadang menambah jumlah dan jenis<span> </span>mikroorganisme yang terdapat<span> </span>di dalam makanan, misalnya proses pencucian
bahan menggunakan air yang kurang bersih, kontaminasi dari alat-alat pengolahan
yang di gunakan, penyimpanan pada kondisi yang baik untuk pertumbuhan
mikroorganisme dan sebagainya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span>
</span><span> </span></span></div>
</m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16390600182959720541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1718462759994140983.post-60650262028929169322012-07-15T06:47:00.001-07:002012-07-15T06:57:52.911-07:00laporan Analisis kualitatif karbohidrat<m:smallfrac m:val="off">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">ANALISIS HASIL PERTANIAN</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">ANALISA KUALITATIF KARBOHIDRAT</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">OLEH : </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">NIKMATUL
KHOIRIYAH</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">NIM DIC010015</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">DOSEN
PENGAMPU :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">DR.MADYAWATI
LATIEF,MSI</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">TEKNOLOGI
HASIL PERTANIAN</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">FAKULTAS
PERTANIAN </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">UNIVERSITAS
JAMBI</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2012</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I
. PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.1 Latar Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karbohidrat sangat akrab dengan kehidupan manusia.
Karbohidrat adalah adalah sumber energi utama manusia. Contoh makanan
sehari-hari yg mengandung karbohidrat adalah pada tepung, gandum, jagung, beras, kentang,
sayur-sayuran dan lain sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karbohidrat merupakan sumber kalori utama bagi
hampir seluruh penduduk dunia, khususnya bagi penduduk Negara yang sedang
berkembang. Walaupun jumlah kalori yang dapat di hasilkanoleh 1 gram
karbohidrat hanya 4 kal (kkal) bila di banding protein dan lemak, karbohidrat
merupakan sumber kalori yang murah. Selain itu beberapa golongan karbohidrat
menghasilkan serat-serat (dietary fiber) yang berguna bagi pencernaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karbohidrat juga mempunyai peranan penting dalam
menentukan karakteristik bahan makanan, misalnya rasa, warna, tekstur dan
lain-lain.Sedangkan dalam tubuh, karbohidrat berguna untuk mencegah timbulnya
ketosis, pemecahan proteintubuh yang berlebihan, kehilangan mineral, dan
berguna untuk membantu metabolism lemak dan protein. Dalam tubuh manusia
karbohidrat dapat di bentuk dari beberapa asm aminodan sebagian dati gliserol
lemak. Tetapi sebagian besar karbohidrat di peroleh dari bahan makanan yang di
makan sehari-hari, terutama bahan makanan yang berasal dari tumbuh-tumbuhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak cara untuk mengetahui adanya karbohidrat
dalam suatu bahan antara lain dengan uji kualitatif adan uji kuantitatif. Uji
kualitatif karbohirat diantaranya yaitu: Uji Molisch, Uji Iod, uji Fehling, Uji
Seliwanoff, Uji Bial, Uji Antron, Uji pembentukan osazon, uji pembentukan CO<sub>2
</sub>karena fermentasi atau uji asam mukat. Pada praktikum kali ini akan
dilakukan uji kualitatif dengan menggunakan uji Iod dan uji Fehling serta
hidrolisis pati.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2 Tujuan </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Praktikum ini di laksanakan dengan tujuan untuk
membuktikan adanya polisakarida pada suatu bahan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karbohidrat adalah polihidroksi aldehida atau keton
dengan rumus empirik (CH2O)n, dapat diubah menjadi aldehida dan keton dengan
cara hidrolisis, disusun oleh dua sampai delapan monosakarida yang dirujuk
sebagai oligosakarida. Karbohidrat tersebar luas baik dalam jaringan hewan
maupun jaringan tumbuh-tumbuhan. Dalam tumbuh-tumbuhan, karbohidrat dihasilkan
oleh fotosintesis dan mencakup selulosa serta pati. Pada jaringan hewan,
karbohidrat berbentuk glukosa dan glikogen. Fungsi karbohidrat yaitu, untuk sumber
energi, pemanis pada makanan, penghemat protein, pengatur metabolisme lemak,
penawar racun, baik untuk yang terkena konstipasi (sembelit), dan masih banyak
lagi manfaat-manfaat yang lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada umumnya karbohidrat merupakan zat padat
berwarna putih yang sukar larut dalam pelarut organik tetapi larut dalam air
(kecuali beberapa polisakarida). Karbohidrat dibagi dalam tiga golongan yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Monosakarida; adalah karbohidrat yang
tidak dapat dihidrolisis menjadi bentuk yang lebih sederhana lagi, dapat dibedakan
berdasarkan banyaknya atom C pada molekulnya, dan gugus aldehid atau keton yang
dikandung berubah menjadi aldosa dan ketosa. Monosakarida merupakan gula
sederhana yang memiliki satu atom karbon asimetrik, contoh : glukosa,
galaktosa, fruktosa, manosa, dan ribose.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oligosakarida; adalah karbohidrat yang
tersusun dari dua sampai sepuluh molekul monosakarida yang digabungkan oleh
ikatan kovalen. Biasanya dikenal dengan disakarida, contoh : maltosa, laktosa,
dan sukrosa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Polisakarida; adalah karbohidrat yang
mengandung lebih dari sepuluh monosakarida yang berikatan. Bila dihidrolisis
dapat menghasilkan lebih dari 6 molekul monosakarida, contoh : glikogen dan
amilum (pati) merupakan polimer glukosa. Berfungsi untuk penyimpanan
karbohidrat. (Nikku, 2011)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Karbohidrat adalah polihidroksildehida &
keton polihidroksil atau turunannya. selian itu, ia juga disusun oleh dua
sampai delapan <span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.artikelkimia.info/tag/monosakarida" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">monosakarida</span><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"> </span></a></span>yg
dirujuk sebagai oligosakarida. Karbohidrat mmpunyai rumus umum Cn(H2O)n.
Rumus itu membuat para ahli kimia zaman dahulu menganggap karbohidrat
adalah hidrat dari karbon.Salah satu contoh karbohidrat adalah amilum. Amilum
merupakan sumber energi utama bagi orang dewasa di seluruh penduduk dunia,
terutama di negara seclang berkembang oleh karena di konsumsi sebagai bahan
makanan pokok. Disamping bahan pangan kaya akan amilum juga mengandung protein,
vitamin, serat dan beberapa zat gizi penting lainnya. Amilum mrupakan karbohidrat dlm bentuk simpanan bagi
tumbuh-tumbuhan dlm bentuk granul yang dijumpai pada umbi & akarnya.
Menurut sumber umbi-umbian,serealia dan biji-bijian merupakan sumber amilum yang
berlimpah ruah oleh karena mudah didapat untuk di konsumsi. Jagung, beras dan
gandum kandunan amilumnya lebih dari 70 %, sedangkan pada kacang-kacangan
sekitar 40%. (winarno).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Fleche (1985) mendefinisikan pati
termodifikasi adalah pati dimana gugus hidroksilnya telah diubah lewat suatu
reaksi kimia seperti esterifikasi, eterifikasi atau oksidasi atau dengan
mengganggu struktur awalnya. Glicksman (1969) mengemukakan pati termodifikasi
adalah pati yang diberi perlakuan tertentu dengan tujuan untuk menghasilkan
sifat yang lebih baik untuk memperbaiki sifat sebelumnya atau merubah beberapa
sifar lainnya. Perlakuan ini dapat mencakup penggunaan panas, asam, alkali, zat
pengoksidasi atau bahan kimia lainnya yang akan menghasilkan gugus kimia baru
atau perubahan bentuk, ukuran serta struktur molekul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dekstrin merupakan salah satu produk hasil
hidrolisis pati berwarna putih hingga kuning ( SII, 1985), hidrolisis pati
dapat dilakukan oleh asam atau enzim. Pati akan mengalami proses pemutusan
rantai oleh enzim atau asam selama pemanasan menjadi molekul-molekul yang lebih
kecil. Ada beberapa tingkatan dalam reaksi hidrolisis tersebut, yaitu molekul
pati mula-mula pecah menjadi unit rantai glukosa yang lebih pendek (6 – 10
molekul) yang disebut dekstrin. Dekstrin kemudian pecah menjadi maltosa yang
selanjutnya dipecah lagi menjadi unit terkecil glukosa ( Somaatmadja, 1970).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dekstrin merupakan hasil hidrolisis pati yang tidak
sempurna. Proses ini juga melibatkan alkali dan oksidator. Pengurangan panjang
rantai tersebut akan menyebabkan perubahan sifat dimana pati yang tidak mudah
larut dalam air diubah menjadi dekstrin yang mudah larut. Dekstrin bersifat
sangat larut dalam air panas atau dingin, dengan viskositas yang relatif
rendah. Sifat tersebut akan mempermudah penggunaan dekstrin bila dipakai dalam
konsentrasi yang cukup tinggi ( Lineback dan Inlett,1982).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dekstrin putih dihasilkan dengan pemanasan suhu
sedang (79-121<sup>o</sup>C), mengguanakan katalis asam seperti HCl atau asam
asetat dengan karakteristik produk berwarna putih hingga krem. Dekstrin kuning
dihasilkan dengan pemanasan suhu tinggi (149-190<sup>o</sup> C) menggunakan
katalis asam dengan karakteristik produk berwarna krem hingga kuning
kecoklatan. Pemanasan kering (tanpa air) seperti penyangraian dan pemanggangan
akan menyebabkan dektrin terpolimerasi membentuk senyawa coklat yang disebut
pirodekstrin (Gaman dan Sherington, 1981). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maltodekstrin
didefinisikan sebagai produk hidrolisis pati yang mengandung unit α-D-glukosa
yang sebagian besar terikat melalui ikatan 1,4 glikosidik dengan DE kurang dari
20. Rumus umum maltodekstrin adalah [(C6H10O5)nH2O)] (Kearsley dan Diedzic,
1995).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">III. METODELOGI</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> 3.1 Waktu dan Tempat Pelaksanaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Praktikum ini di laksanankan di
laboratorium teknologi hasil pertanian, Universitas Jambi. Pada hari Sabtu,
Tanggal 25 Juni 2012, pukul 08.00 WIB –
10.00 WIB.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.2 Alat dan Bahan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Praktikum ini menggunakan alat spektrofotometer,
tabung reksi, pipet tetes, plat tetes dan penangas. Sedangkan bahan-bahan yang
digunakan adalah gula, tepung terigu, pati murni, malto dekstrin, larutan
iodine, HCl, aquadest, larutan fehling A dan larutan fehling B .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.3 Cara Kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a.
Uji Iodin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Langkah
awal yang di kerjakan yaitu membuat larutan sampel 10 %, ambil 2 tetes sampel
kemudian masukkan dalam plat tetes, tambahkan 2 tetes iodin. Amati perubahan
warna yang terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">b.
UJi Fehling </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Masukkan 2 ml sampel pada tabung reaksi,
tambahkan 10 tetes fehling A dan 10 tetes fehling B. Amati perubahan warna yang
terjadi. Kemudian panaskan pada penangas selama 5 menit. Amati apa yang
terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c. Hidrolisis
Pati</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Masukkan 5 ml sampel kemudian tambahkan 2,5
ml HCl. Amati perubahan warna yang terjadi. Kemudain panaskan pada penangas
selam 5 menit. Amati perubahan yang terjadi. Setelah itu lanjutkan ddengan uji
iodin. Amati perubahan warna yang terjadi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">IV. HASIL DAN
PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4.1 Hasil Pengamatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kelompok</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sampel</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Uji
Iodin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.6pt;" width="167"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hidrolisis
pati</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.8pt;" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Uji
Fehling</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gula</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Berwarna
kuning dan terbentuk endapan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.6pt;" width="167"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sb
: berwarna bening</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ss
: berwarna bening</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Uji
iodin : berwarna kuning pekat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.8pt;" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sb
: berwarna biru</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ss
: berwarna biru muda + endapan (pink)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tepung
Terigu</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Berwarna
kuning kehijauan dan terbentuk endapan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.6pt;" width="167"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sb
: berwarna putih keruh</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ss
: berwarna biru muda</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Uji
iodin : berwarna ungu kehitaman</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.8pt;" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sb
: berwarna biru muda</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ss
: berwarna biru keruh + endapan (ungu muda)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pati
Murni</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Berwarna
hijau kehitaman dan terbentuk endapan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.6pt;" width="167"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sb:
berwarna bening</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ss
: berwarna bening</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Uji
iodin : berwarna kuning kehitaman</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.8pt;" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sb
: berwarna biru muda</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ss
: berwarna biru muda</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Malto
Dekstrin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Berwarna
merah keunguan dan tidak terbentuk endapan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.6pt;" width="167"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sb
: berwarna bening</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ss
: berwarna bening</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Uji
iodine : berwarana merah keunguan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.8pt;" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sb
: berwarna biru muda</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ss
: berwarna merah bata + endapan (merah)</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.2 Pembahasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.
Uji Iodin</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
Pati (starch) atau amilum merupakan
polisakarida yang terdapat pada sebagian besar tanaman, terbagi menjadi dua
fraksi yaitu amilosa dan amilopektin. Amilosa (kuranglebih 20 %) memilki
struktur linier dan dengan iodium memberikan warna biru serta larut dalam air.
Fraksi yang tidak larut disebut amilopektin (kuranglebih 80 %) dengan struktur
bercabang. Dengan penambahan iodium fraksi memberikan warna ungu sampai merah.
Pati dalam suasana asam bila dipanaskan akan terhidrolisis menjdi
senyawa-senyawa yang lebih sedrhana. Hasil hidrolisis dapat dengan iodium dan
menghasilkan warna biru sampai tidak berwarna.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
b. Uji
Fehling</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
Dari hasil uji yang telah di dapat,
untuk uji fehling dengan sampel gula menghasilkan endapan berwarna pink, sampel
tepung terigu menghasilkan endapan warna
ungu muda, untuk sampel pati murni menghasilkan endapan warna biru muda.
Sedangkan untuk sampel maltodekstrin menghasilkan endapan berwarna merah bata.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
Pereaksi fehling terdiri atas fehling A dan fehling B yang bila di campur
akan berwarna biru. Bila senyawa yang mengandung aldehid di reaksikan maka akan
terjadi endapan yang berwarna merah bata dan hasil menunjukkan positif. Pada
larutan sukrosa, pati murni dan tepung
terigu tidak menunjukkan hasil positif karena warna tidak mengalami perubahan
yaitu warna tetap biru dan tidak terdapat endapan.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
c. Hidrolisis
Pati</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
Dekstrin merupakan salah satu produk
hasil hidrolisis pati berwarna putih hingga kuning, hidrolisis pati dapat
dilakukan oleh asam atau enzim. Pati akan mengalami proses pemutusan rantai
oleh enzim atau asam selama pemanasan menjadi molekul-molekul yang lebih kecil.
Ada beberapa tingkatan dalam reaksi hidrolisis tersebut, yaitu molekul pati
mula-mula pecah menjadi unit rantai glukosa yang lebih pendek (6 – 10 molekul)
yang disebut dekstrin. Dekstrin kemudian pecah menjadi maltosa yang selanjutnya
dipecah lagi menjadi unit terkecil glukosa</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
Pada uji hidrolisis pati, hidrolisis
sempurna apabila menjadi senyawa yang lebih sederhana yang terdeteksi pada
perubahan warna.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB
V</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5.1
Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dari hasil praktikum yang telah dilakukan
dapat di tarik kesimpulan bahwa :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karbohidrat
merupakan polihidroksi keton dan polihidrataldehid yang mempunyai rumus umum
Cn(H<sub>2</sub>O)n.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">U</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ji kualitatif</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dengan reagen Iod untuk membuktikan ada tidak nya amilum
atau pati. Iodium dengan dengan amilum dapat membentuk suatu ikatan kompleks
berwarna biru sampai ungu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
uji kualitatif uji fehling terjadi endapan merah bata karena karbohidrat
memiliki sifat pereduksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
uji hidrolisis pati, hidrolisis sempurna apabila menjadi senyawa yang lebih
sederhana yang terdeteksi pada perubahan warna.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Artikel
kimia. 2011. <b>Prosedur Identifikasi
Amilum dalam Ubi Kayu.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.artikelkimia.info/prosedur-identifikasi-amilum-dlm-ubi-kayu%2011130427092011"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">http://www.artikelkimia.info/prosedur-identifikasi-amilum-dlm-ubi-kayu
11130427092011</span></a>. (Diakses pada tanggal 2 Juli 2012).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Eko. 2010. <b>Uji
Kualitatif Untuk Identifikasi Karbohidrat</b>. Http://www.backto
biokimia.blogspot.com.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fitriansyah, Bagus. 2011<b>.
Laporan Praktikum Kimia Dasar.</b> Http://www.blogspo.com.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasaribu,benny. 2012. <b>Uji
Kualitatif Karbohidrat</b>. Http://www.blogspot.com.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nikku.
2010. <b>Uji Identifikasi Karbohidrat.</b> <a href="http://nikku92.wordpress.com/2010/11/19/uji%20identifikasi-karbohidrat/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">http://nikku92.wordpress.com/2010/11/19/uji
identifikasi-karbohidrat/</span></a> ( Diakses tanggal 2 Juli 2012)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Subekti,
Dudi. 2008. <b>Maltodekstrin.</b>
Http://www.blogspot.com.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Winarno,
FG<b>. Kimia Pangan dan Gizi</b>. PT
GRAMEDIA. Jakarta.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16390600182959720541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1718462759994140983.post-77445217820911992782012-07-15T06:37:00.000-07:002012-07-15T06:39:59.582-07:00Laporan SpektrofotometriLAPORAN PRAKTIKUM<br />
Oleh :<br />
Nama : Nikmatul Khoiriyah<br />Nim : D1C010015<br />
Teknologi Hasil Pertanian<br />
UNJA<br />
<br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I. PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.1
Latar Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisa (atau analisa, analysis) dapat
di aritkan sebagai usaha pemisahan suatu kesatuan pengertian ilmiah (dalam
ilmu-ilmu social ) atau suatu kesatuan materi bahan menjadi komponen-komponen
penyusunnya sehingga dapat di kaji lebih lanjut. Dalam cabang ilmu kimia,
analisa berarti penguraian bahan menjadi senyawa-senyawa penyusunnya yang
kemudian dapat dipakai sebagai data untuk menetapkan komposisi (susunan) bahan
tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan makanan dan hasil pertanian
umumnya, pada hakekatnya merupakan bahan kimiawi alam yang tidak menyimpang
dari kaedah-kaedah kimiawi bahan-bahan lainnya. Demikian juga sifat-sifat
fisisnya<span> </span>tak menyimpang dari benda-benda
alam lain. Namun demikian, meskipun<span>
</span>memiliki sifat-sifat kimia dan fisis yang tak berbeda dengan benda-benda
lain di alam ini, bahan makanan memiliki sifat khusus yaitu kemampuannya untuk
menjadi sumber penyediaan gizi dalam proses kehidupan dan tenaga gerak
kehidupan atau biokalori. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan demikian, analisa bahan makanan
dapt dilakukan dengan menggunakan kaedah-kaedah kimiawi, fisis, nutrisi (gizi),
atau indrawi. Untuk bahan hasil pertanian non-pangan tentunya terbatas hanya
pada bentuk analisa kimiawi dan fisia saja. Sifat nutrisi pangan bahan makanan
dapat dilakukan secara tidak langsung melalui uji kimiawi atau secara langsung
melalui uji biologis dengan menggunakan mikrobia ataupun hewan prcobaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam melakukan analisa bahan hasil
pertanian dapat menggunakan berbagai macam metode analisa. Pada praktikum kali
ini menggunakan metode analisa spektrofotometri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.2 Tujuan Praktikum</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Praktikum kali ini bertujuan untuk
Mengukur antioksidan dari ekstrak belimbing manis dengan menggunakan
spektrofotometer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Spektrofotometri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spektrofotometri merupakan suatu metode
analisa yang di dasarkan pada pengukuran serapan sinar monokromatik oleh suatu
laju larutan berwarna pada panjang gelombang spesifik dengan menggunakan
monokrometer prisma atau kiri difraksi dengan defector. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spektrofotometri merupakan suatu metode analisis yang di
dasarkan pada absorbsi radiasi elektromagnetik . cahaya terdiri dari radiasi
terhadap masa mata manusia peka. Gelombang dengan panjang gelombang beraliran
akan menimbulkan cahaya yang berlainan. Sedangkan campuran cahaya dengan
panjang panjang ini akan menyusun cahaya putih. Cahaya putih meliputi seluruh
sprektum nampak 400 – 760 nm.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Iqra Wahyuni, 2012).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spektrometri
serapan merupakan pengukuran atau interaksi antara radiasi elektromagnetik dan
molekul atau atom dari suatuzat kimia. Teknik yang sering di gunakan dalam
analisis farmasi meliputi spektrofotometri ultraviolet, cahaya tampak,
inframerah dan serapan atom. Jangkauan panjang gelombang untuk daerah
ultraviolet adalah 190 – 380 nm, daerah cahaya tampak 380 – 780 nm, daerah
infra merah dekat 780 – 3000 nm ,dan daerah inframerah 2,5 – 40 nm atau 4000 –
250 cm -2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Iqra Wahyuni, 2012).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Spektrofotometer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spektrofotometer adalah alat untuk
mengukur transmitan atau absorban suatu sampel sebagai fungsi panjang
gelombang. Sedangkan pengukuran menggunakan spektrofotometer ini, metoda yang
digunakan sering disebut dengan spektrofotometri. Spektrofotometri merupakan
suatu metoda analisa yang didasarkan pada pengukuran serapan sinar
monokromatis oleh suatu lajur larutan berwarna pada panjang gelombamg spesifik
dengan menggunakan monokromator prisma atau kisi difraksi dengan detektor <em>fototube</em>.
Spektrofotometri dapat dianggap sebagai perluasan suatu pemeriksaan visual
dengan studi yang lebih mendalam dari absorbsi energi. Absorbsi radiasi oleh
suatu sampel diukur pada berbagai panjang gelombangdan dialirkan oleh suatu
perkam untuk menghasilkan spektrum tertentu yang khas untuk komponen yang
berbeda. (Yoki Edy Saputra, 2012).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Antioksidan</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
Antioksidan merupakan senyawa yang mampu menunda, memperlambat atau
menghambat reaksi oksidasi pada makanan maupun obat dimana senyawa-senyawa
tersebut mudah teroksidasi sehingga sel-sel lain terhindar dari radikal bebas.
Antioksidan adalah substansi yang menetralkan radikal bebas karena
senyawa-senyawa tersebut mengorbankan dirinya agar teroksidasi sehingga sel-sel
yang lainnya dapat terhindar dari radikal bebas ataupun melindungi sel dari
efek berbahaya radikal bebas oksigen aktif jika hal itu berkenaan dengan penyakit
dimana radikal bebas itu sendiri dapat berasal dari metabolism tubuh ataupun
factor eksternal lainnya. (Anonim,2012).</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span>Antioksidan</span> merupakan zat
yang mampu memperlambat atau mencegah proses oksidasi.<sup> </sup>Zat ini
secara nyata mampu memperlambat atau menghambat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidasi" title="Oksidasi">oksidasi</a> zat
yang mudah teroksidasi meskipun dalam konsentrasi rendah.<sup> </sup><span> </span>Antioksidan juga sesuai didefinisikan sebagai
senyawa-<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyawa" title="Senyawa">senyawa</a>
yang melindungi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel" title="Sel">sel</a>
dari efek berbahaya <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikal_bebas" title="Radikal bebas">radikal bebas</a> oksigen reaktif jika berkaitan dengan
penyakit, radikal bebas ini dapat berasal dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme">metabolisme</a>
tubuh maupun faktor eksternal lainnya. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikal_bebas" title="Radikal bebas">Radikal
bebas</a> adalah spesies yang tidak stabil karena memiliki elektron yang tidak
berpasangan dan mencari pasangan elektron dalam makromolekul biologi. Protein
lipida dan DNA dari sel manusia yang sehat merupakan sumber pasangan elektron
yang baik Kondisi oksidasi dapat menyebabkan kerusakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker">kanker</a>, penuaan,
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit" title="Penyakit">penyakit</a>
lainnya. Komponen kimia yang berperan sebagai antioksidan adalah senyawa
golongan fenolik dan polifenolik. Senyawa-senyawa golongan tersebut banyak
terdapat dialam, terutama pada tumbuh-tumbuhan, dan memiliki kemampuan untuk
menangkap radikal bebas.<sup> </sup><span> </span>Antioksidan yang banyak ditemukan pada bahan
pangan, antara lain <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>,
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karotenoid" title="Karotenoid">karotenoid</a>.
(Wikpedia, 2012).<sup> </sup></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
Salah satu metode yang digunakan untuk pengujian aktivitas antioksidan
adalah metode DPPH. Metode DPPH didasarkan pada kemampuan antioksidan untuk
menghambat radikal bebas dengan men<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donor" title="Donor">donorkan</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_hidrogen" title="Atom hidrogen">atom hidrogen</a>.<sup> </sup>Perubahan warna ungu DPPH
menjadi ungu kemerahan dimanfaatkan untuk mengetahui aktivitas senyawa
antioksidan. Metode ini menggunakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kontrol_positif&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kontrol positif (halaman belum tersedia)">kontrol positif</a> sebagai
pembanding untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan sampel. Kontrol positif ini
dapat berupa <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokoferol&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tokoferol (halaman belum tersedia)">tokoferol</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BHT&action=edit&redlink=1" title="BHT (halaman belum tersedia)">BHT</a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>.
Uji aktivitas antioksidan dengan metode DPPH menggunakan
1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidra-zil (DPPH) sebagai radikal bebas. Prinsipnya adalah
reaksi penangkapan hidrogen oleh DPPH dari senyawa antioksidan , misalnya
troloks, yang mengubahnya menjadi 1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazin.
(Wikipedia,2012).</div>
<div style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Belimbing
Manis</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
Belimbing adalah tumbuhan penghasil buah berbentuk khas yang berasal dari
Indonesia, India, dan Sri Langka. Saat ini, belimbing telah tersebar ke penjuru
Asia Tenggara, Republik Dominika, Brasil, Peru, Ghana, Guyana, Tonga, dan
Polinesia. Usaha penanaman secara komersial dilakukan di Amerika Serikat, yaitu
di Florida Selatan dan Hawaii. Buah belimbing berwarna kuning kehijauan. Saat
baru tumbuh, buahnya berwarna hijau. Jika dipotong, buah ini mempunyai
penampang yang berbentuk bintang. Berbiji kecil dan berwarna coklat. Buah ini
renyah saat dimakan, rasanya manis dan sedikit asam. Buah ini mengandung banyak
vitamin C. Belimbing manis merupakan simplisia buah basah yang dipanen setelah
masak sempurna. Metode pemerasan digunakan untuk memperoleh ekstrak belimbing
manis. Sebagai material awal digunakan tumbuhan segar yang dihaluskan. Cairan
perasan adalah larutan dalam air yang terdiri dari seluruh bahan yang
terkandung dalam tumbuhan segar dalam perbandingan yang sama seperti dalam
material awalnya dan yang tetap tinggal hanya bahan yang tidak larut. (Awal
Maulana, 2010)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">III.
METODELOGI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.1
Waktu dan Tempat Pelaksanaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Praktikum ini di laksanankan di
laboratorium teknologi hasil pertanian, Universitas Jambi. Pada hari senin,
pukul 08.00 WIB – 10.00 WIB.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.2 Alat dan Bahan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Praktikum ini menggunakan alat
spektrofotometer UV, botol gelap, kuvet dan pipet mikro. Sedangkan bahan-bahan
yang digunakan adalah ekstrak belimbing manis dan larutan DPPH.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.3 Cara Kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Langkah pertama yang dilakukan pada
praktikum ini yaitu menyiapkan ekstrak, buat konsentrasi ekstrak 100 ppm, 200
ppm, 400 ppm dan 500 ppm. Kemudian buat larutan DPPH (0,05 mM). Selanjutnya di
uji, yaitu pertama masukkan ekstrak belimbing manis 0,2 ml dan larutan DPPH 3,8
ml pada botol gelap kemudian botol langsung ditutup. Diamkan selama 30 menit.
Setelah 30 menit amati perubahan warna yang terjadi, kemudian lakukan uji
spektro. Sampel masukkan dalam kuvet (pegang yang bergerigi), letakkan pada
alat spektrofotometer. Hitung absorbantnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">IV.
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4.1
Hasil pengamatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Ekstrak Belimbing Manis</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 551px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 3.55pt;">
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 3.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="118"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 3.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 3.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 3.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 3.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="93"><br /></td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 32.25pt;">
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.35pt;" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ppm</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.15pt;" width="80">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ulangan 1</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ulangan 2</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rata-rata</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.65pt;" width="93">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">% Inhibisi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="80">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.977</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.977</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.977</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="93">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">100</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="80">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.208</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.207</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.2075</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="93">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">78.762</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">200</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="80">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.206</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.2</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.203</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="93">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">79.222</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">300</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="80">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.201</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.201</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.201</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="93">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">79.427</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">400</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="80">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.199</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.197</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.198</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="93">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">79.734</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">500</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="80">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.178</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.186</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.182</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="93">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">81.372</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;">
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="118">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="93"><br /></td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt;" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">x</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">y</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">x-xrata2</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">y-yrata2</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102pt;" valign="bottom" width="136">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">(x-xrata2)(y-yrata2)</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">(x-xrata2)</span><span style="color: #333333;">²</span><span style="color: black;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">0</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">0</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">-250</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">-66.419</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102pt;" valign="bottom" width="136">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">16604.750</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">62500</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">100</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">78.762</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">-150</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">12.343</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102pt;" valign="bottom" width="136">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">-1851.377</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">22500</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">200</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">79.222</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">-50</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">12.803</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102pt;" valign="bottom" width="136">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">-640.155</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2500</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">300</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">79.427</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">50</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">13.008</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102pt;" valign="bottom" width="136">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">650.391</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2500</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">400</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">79.734</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">150</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">13.315</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102pt;" valign="bottom" width="136">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">1997.232</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">22500</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">500</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">81.372</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">250</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">14.953</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102pt;" valign="bottom" width="136">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">3738.136</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">62500</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">RATA2</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">250</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">66.419</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">JUMLAH</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102pt;" valign="bottom" width="136">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">20498.976</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">175000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="0">
<td style="border: medium none;" width="66"><br /></td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="52"><br /></td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="14"><br /></td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="66"><br /></td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="66"><br /></td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="12"><br /></td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="56"><br /></td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="67"><br /></td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="69"><br /></td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="24"><br /></td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="59"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span> </span>a
= 37.135</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span> </span>b
= 0.117</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span> </span>Y
= 0.117x + 37.135</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.75pt; width: 493px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89pt;" valign="bottom" width="119">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tokoferol</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><br /></td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><br /></td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><br /></td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="93"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 32.25pt;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89pt;" width="119">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ppm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.15pt;" width="80">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ulangan 1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ulangan 2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rata-rata</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.65pt;" width="93">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">% Inhibisi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89pt;" width="119">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.15pt;" width="80">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.977</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.978</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.9775</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.65pt;" width="93">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89pt;" valign="bottom" width="119">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">100</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="80">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">0.08</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">0.08</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.08</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="93">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">91.816</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89pt;" valign="bottom" width="119">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">200</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="80">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">0.077</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">0.079</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.078</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="93">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">92.020</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89pt;" valign="bottom" width="119">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">300</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="80">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">0.052</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">0.06</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.056</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="93">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">94.271</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89pt;" valign="bottom" width="119">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">400</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="80">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">0.05</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">0.057</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.0535</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="93">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">94.527</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89pt;" valign="bottom" width="119">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">500</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="80">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">0.052</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">0.065</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.0585</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="93">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">94.015</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.75pt; width: 552px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 59pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"><br /></td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">x</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">y</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">x-xrata2</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">y-yrata2</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102pt;" valign="bottom" width="136">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">(x-xrata2)(y-yrata2)</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">(x-xrata2)</span><span style="color: #333333;">²</span><span style="color: black;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 59pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"><br /></td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47pt;" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">0</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" width="64">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">0</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">-250</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">-77.775</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102pt;" valign="bottom" width="136">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">19443.734</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">62500</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 59pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"><br /></td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47pt;" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">100</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" width="64">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">91.816</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">-150</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">14.041</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102pt;" valign="bottom" width="136">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">-2106.129</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">22500</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 59pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"><br /></td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47pt;" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">200</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" width="64">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">92.020</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">-50</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">14.245</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102pt;" valign="bottom" width="136">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">-712.273</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2500</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 59pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"><br /></td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47pt;" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">300</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" width="64">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">94.271</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">50</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">16.496</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102pt;" valign="bottom" width="136">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">824.805</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2500</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 59pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"><br /></td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47pt;" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">400</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" width="64">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">94.527</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">150</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">16.752</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102pt;" valign="bottom" width="136">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2512.778</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">22500</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 59pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"><br /></td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47pt;" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">500</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" width="64">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">94.015</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">250</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">16.240</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102pt;" valign="bottom" width="136">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">4060.086</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">62500</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 59pt;" valign="bottom" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">RATA2</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">250</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">77.775</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><br /></td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">JUMLAH</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102pt;" valign="bottom" width="136">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">24023.002</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">175000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>a<span> </span>= 43.456</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>b<span> </span>= 0.137</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Y
= 0.137x + 43.456</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4.2
Pembahasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Spektrofotometri merupakan suatu metoda
analisa yang didasarkan pada pengukuran serapan sinar monokromatis oleh suatu
lajur larutan berwarna pada panjang gelombamg spesifik dengan menggunakan
monokromator prisma atau kisi difraksi dengan detektor fototube. Metode ini
dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui zat yang terkandung dalam makanan atau minuman
seperti micro nutrient, zat pewarna, dll tergantung panjang gelombang yang
telah disetting pada spektrofotometer. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Spektrofotometer merupakan alat yang
digunakan untuk mengukur absorbansi dengan cara melewatkan cahaya dengan
panjang gelombang tertentu pada suatu obyek kaca atau kuarsa yang disebut
kuvet. Sebagian dari cahaya tersebut akan diserap dan sisanya akan dilewatkan.
Nilai absorbansi dari cahaya yang dilewatkan akan sebanding dengan konsentrasi
larutan di dalam kuvet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>spektrofotometer adalah alat untuk
mengukur transmitan atau absorban suatu sampel sebagai fungsi panjang
gelombang. Tiap media akan menyerap cahaya pada panjang gelombang tertentu
tergantung pada senyawaan atau warna terbentuk. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara
garis besar spektrofotometer terdiri dari 4 bagian penting yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.
Sumber Cahaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai sumber cahaya pada
spektrofotometer, haruslah memiliki pancaran radiasi yang stabil dan
intensitasnya tinggi. Sumber energi cahaya yang biasa untuk daerah tampak,
ultraviolet dekat, dan inframerah dekat adalah sebuah lampu pijar dengan kawat
rambut terbuat dari wolfram (tungsten). Lampu ini mirip dengan bola lampu pijar
biasa, daerah panjang gelombang (l ) adalah 350 – 2200 nanometer (nm).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.
Monokromator</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Monokromator adalah alat yang berfungsi
untuk menguraikan cahaya polikromatis menjadi beberapa komponen panjang
gelombang tertentu (monokromatis) yang bebeda (terdispersi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.
Cuvet</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuvet spektrofotometer adalah suatu alat
yang digunakan sebagai tempat contoh atau cuplikan yang akan dianalisis.
Cuvet biasanya terbuat dari kwars, plexigalass, kaca, plastic dengan bentuk
tabung empat persegi panjang 1 x 1 cm dan tinggi 5 cm. Pada pengukuran di
daerah UV dipakai cuvet kwarsa atau plexiglass, sedangkan cuvet dari kaca tidak
dapat dipakai sebab kaca mengabsorbsi sinar UV. Semua macam cuvet dapat dipakai
untuk pengukuran di daerah sinar tampak (visible).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Detektor</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peranan detektor penerima adalah
memberikan respon terhadap cahaya pada berbagai panjang gelombang. Detektor
akan mengubah cahaya menjadi sinyal listrik yang selanjutnya akan ditampilkan
oleh penampil data dalam bentuk jarum penunjuk atau angka digital.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari hasil praktikum yang telah
dilaksanakan ekstrak belimbing manis sebelum diberi larutan DPPH berwarna ungu
tetapi setelah di beri larutan DPPH, warna ekstrak belimbing manis menjadi
pudar. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa ekstrak belimbing manis mengandung
antioksidan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB
V</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5.1
Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Dari praktikum ini dapat di tarik kesimpulan bahwa :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spektrofotometri
merupakan suatu metoda analisa yang didasarkan pada pengukuran serapan sinar
monokromatis oleh suatu lajur larutan berwarna pada panjang gelombamg spesifik
dengan menggunakan monokromator prisma atau kisi difraksi dengan detektor
fototube.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekstrak
belimbing manis setelah di tambah larutan DPPH warnanya menjadi pudar karena
ekstrak belimbing manis mengandung antioksidan.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Anonim.
2012. <b>Antioksidan dan Radikal Bebas</b>.
Http://wordpress.com. (Di akses pada tanggal 30 Juli 2012)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Latief,
Madyawati.2012. <b>Spektrofotometri. </b>Universitas
Jambi. Jambi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Saputra,yoki
edy. 2012.<b>Spektrofotometri. </b>Http://situs-kima-Indonesia.org.
(Di akses pada tanggal 30 Juli 2012)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Wahyuni,
Iqra. 2012. <b>Spektrofotometri</b>. Http://www.blogspot.com.
(Di akses pada tanggal 30 Juli 2012)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Wikipedia.
2012. <b>Antioksidan. </b>Http://id.wikipedia.org/antioksidan.
(Di akses pada tanggal 30 Juli 2012)</span></div>
<span><span style="background-color: black;"></span></span></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16390600182959720541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1718462759994140983.post-33871105628053789822012-04-14T23:52:00.002-07:002012-04-15T00:16:08.904-07:00LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM FISDAS<m:smallfrac m:val="off">
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</div>
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</div>
LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM FISDAS<br />
<br />
Oleh : Nikmatul khoiriyah <br />
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PERCOBAAN
KEENAM</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">VISKOMETER
STOKES</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TUJUAN
:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menentukan koefisien vikositas
minyak pelumas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ALAT
DAN BAHAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas ukur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bola plastic</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Olie ukuran SAE 20</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Olie ukuran SAE 40</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mistar </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjepit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mikrometer srup</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stopwatch</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Neraca</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saringan plastic</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PRINSIP
TEORI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BIla
kita jatuhkan benda kecil berbentuk bola yang massa jenisnya lebih besar dari
pada zat air yng diam , maka benda tersebut akan jatuh secara perlahan-lahan
(tenggelam).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal
ini disebabkan benda tersebut mendapat gaya geser yang menentang arah
pergerakan arah tersebut , dimana arah gaya resultan yang ditimbulkannya
terhadap benda akan selalu mengarah keatas. Besarnya gaya tersebut dapat
diperoleh melalui rumus yang dikemukakan oleh Stokes (Hukum stokes):</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">F=6.п.π.r.v................................................................................ (1)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dimana : F= Gaya Stokes v= Kecepatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> r= Jari-jari п=
Koefisien vikositas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Untuk mencari harga koefisien vikositas
dapat digunakan rumus sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> П </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">₌</span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2.</span></u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 10pt;"><img height="28" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="16" /></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.g (ρ bola –ρ
oli)</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 9.v </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimana
: ρ bola = Massa jenis bola</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ρ fluida = Massa jenis fluida diam
(oli)</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V
= Kecepatan jatuh bola</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> g =
Gaya gravitasi bumi (978,5 cm/dt<sup>2</sup>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PROSEDUR PERCOBAAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Siapkan
alat dan perlengkapan lain telah diberikan spesifikasi datanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas
ukur A berisi olie SAE 20 dengan massa =202,91 gr</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan
volume=250 ml untuk menentukan Þ<sub>1</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas
ukur B berisi olie SAE 40 dengan massa =199,45</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan
volume=250 ml untuk menentukan Þ<sub>1</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Ukur jari-jari bola dengan micrometer
skrup lalu timbang beratnya dengan neraca untuk menentukan ρ2</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
tanda ukur jarak yang akan ditempuh bola pada alat ukur (d)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jatuhkan
bola perlahan-lahan pada gelas ukur A dan catat waktunya dengan memakai sto
watch, untuk jarak (d) yang telah diberi tanda lakukan 3× ulangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ulangi
(d) untuk gelas ukur B</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Buat
hasil pengamatan dalam table.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>B.</b> <b>DATA PENGAMATAN</b></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 26.7pt;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 33.1pt;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 33.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 33.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">OBYEK</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 33.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(gr)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 33.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Volume</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(ml)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 33.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jarak</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(cm)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 33.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Waktu
(detik)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 33.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa
bola (gr)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 33.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jari-jari
bola (cm)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 70.45pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 70.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 70.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Olie
SAE</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">20</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 70.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">202,91</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 70.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">250</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 70.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 70.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">T1=</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4,3</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">T<sub>2</sub>=</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">T<sub>3</sub>=</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 70.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 70.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,4</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,4</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,4</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 67.25pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 67.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 67.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Olie
SAE</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">40</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 67.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">199,45</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 67.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">250</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 67.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 67.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">T<sub>1</sub>=3</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">T<sub>2</sub>=3,5</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">T<sub>3</sub>=3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 67.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 67.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,4</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.
HASIL</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Viscositas adalah kekentalan dari fluida yang
dimana kekentalan ini dapat menentukan aliran pada fluida tersebut.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> <b>Viskometer
stoke</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">2.a) : m<sub>oli</sub>
= 202, 91 gr =0,202291 kg</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> V<sub>oli </sub>= 250 ml =0,2125
l =0,00025 m<sup>3</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><span lang="IN"> </span></sup><span lang="IN">S = 16 cm = 0,16 m </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> T = 4 dtk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> m<sub>bola </sub>=0,20 gr =0,0002 kg</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> r<sub>bola </sub>= 3,4 cm = 0,0034 m</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Dit : </span><span lang="IN">ƞ</span><span lang="IN">
......?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Jawab : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">Ƞ</span><span lang="IN"> =</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 14.5pt;"><img height="37" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="64" /></span><span lang="IN"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">
=</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 14.5pt;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="230" /></span><span lang="IN"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> =</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 14.5pt;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="131" /></span><span lang="IN"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sub><span lang="IN"> </span></sub><span lang="IN"> =63647,8 kg/m.dt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 10pt;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="16" /></span><span lang="IN"> = massa
jenis oli</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 10pt;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="16" /></span><span lang="IN"> = massa
jenis bola</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Ρ</span><sub><span lang="IN">1</span></sub><span lang="IN">=<sub> </sub></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 13pt;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="10" /></span><span lang="IN">= </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 13.5pt;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="61" /></span><span lang="IN"> = 811,64 kg/m</span><span lang="IN">³</span><span lang="IN"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Ρ</span><sub><span lang="IN">2</span></sub><span lang="IN">=<sub> </sub></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 13pt;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="10" /></span><span lang="IN">=</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 14.5pt;"><img height="36" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="49" /></span><span lang="IN"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> =</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 14.5pt;"><img height="36" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" width="99" /></span><span lang="IN"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> =</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 13.5pt;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="89" /></span><span lang="IN"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> =</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 13.5pt;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" width="72" /></span><span lang="IN"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> =1176,5 kg/m</span><span lang="IN">³</span><span lang="IN"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">V= </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 13pt;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" width="5" /></span><span lang="IN"> = </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 13pt;"><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" width="31" /></span><span lang="IN"> = 0,04 m/dtk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">b) : m<sub>oli</sub>
= 199,45 gr =0,19945 kg</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> V<sub>oli </sub>= 250 ml =0, 25
l =0,00025 m<sup>3</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><span lang="IN"> </span></sup><span lang="IN">S = 17 cm = 0,17 m </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> T = 4 dtk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> m<sub>bola </sub>=0,20 gr =0,0002 kg</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> r<sub>bola </sub>= 3,4 cm = 0,0034 m</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Dit : </span><span lang="IN">ƞ</span><span lang="IN">
......?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Jawab : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">Ƞ</span><span lang="IN"> =</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 14.5pt;"><img height="37" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="64" /></span><span lang="IN"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">
=</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 14.5pt;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" width="224" /></span><span lang="IN"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> =</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 14.5pt;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" width="125" /></span><span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<sub><span lang="IN"> </span></sub><span lang="IN"> =59455,9 kg/m.dt</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 10pt;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="16" /></span><span lang="IN"> = massa
jenis oli</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 10pt;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="16" /></span><span lang="IN"> = massa
jenis bola</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Ρ</span><sub><span lang="IN">1</span></sub><span lang="IN">=<sub> </sub></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 13pt;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="10" /></span><span lang="IN">= </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 13.5pt;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" width="56" /></span><span lang="IN"> = 797,8 kg/m</span><span lang="IN">³</span><span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Ρ</span><sub><span lang="IN">2</span></sub><span lang="IN">=<sub> </sub></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 13pt;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="10" /></span><span lang="IN">=</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 14.5pt;"><img height="36" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="49" /></span><span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"> =</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 14.5pt;"><img height="36" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" width="99" /></span><span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"> =</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 13.5pt;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="89" /></span><span lang="IN"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> =</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 13.5pt;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" width="72" /></span><span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"> =1176,5 kg/m</span><span lang="IN">³</span><span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">V= </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 13pt;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" width="5" /></span><span lang="IN"> = </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 13pt;"><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image038.gif" width="31" /></span><span lang="IN"> = 0,0425 m/dtk</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16390600182959720541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1718462759994140983.post-19674121673114293972012-04-14T23:47:00.002-07:002012-04-14T23:47:46.871-07:00LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM KIMIA ORGANIK<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM KIMIA ORGANIK (AMINA) </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Oleh : Nikmatul khoiriyah</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Amina</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan
:</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Memehami sifat fisik
dan kimia amina</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">memahami reaksi-reaksi
untuk membedakan amina primer,sekunder,dan tersier</span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>II.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Waktu
dan Tempat:</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Hari:Rabu</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Tanggal:
April 2011</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Jam:10.00-12.00
WIB</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tempat:Lab.MIPA
UNJA</span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"><span> </span></span>III.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Landasan
Teori:</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Gugus
fungsi amina dapat diketahui dari sifat basanya,amina alfalik sederhana larut
dalam air dan akan memperlihatkan perubahan warna lakmus merah,selain itu sifat
basa dari amina dapat diketahui melalui uji yang sederhana dengan direksikan
dengan asam.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Amina
mengalami beberapa reaksi yang dapat diuji digunakan sebagai uji
penggolonganya,uji Hinsberg adalah sub penggolongan untuk membedakan antara
amina primer,sekunder dan tersier,pengujian ini berdasarkan atas kenyataan
bahwa amina primer dan sekunder bereaksi dengan benzel sulfonil klorida
membentuk N tersubsitusi benzen sulfonamidasedangkan amina tersier tidak
bereaksi .</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Senyawa
benzensulfonamida dan amina primer adalah asam lemah yang pada umum nya larut
dalam NaOH encer,senyawa benzen sulfonamida dari amina sekunder merupakan
senyawa netral yang tidak larut dalam NaOH.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"><span> </span></span>IV.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Alat
dan Bahan</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Alat:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Tabung reaksi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Pipet tetes</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Pemanas air</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Botol semprot</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Bahan:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>N-Butil amina,Dietil
amina</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>NaOH 10%</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Aquades</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>N,N – Dimetil anilin</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Metanol</span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>V.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Prosedur
Kerja:</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1)Uji Kelarutan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Siapkan 3 tabung
reaksi,tambahkan tetes demi tetes HCL pekat sampai larutan bersifat asam,amati
serta catat apakah yang terjadi perubahan kelarutan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2)Uji Hinsberg</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kedalam tabung
reaksi tambahkan 2 ml metanol,5 tetes amina dan 2 tetes benzen sulfonil klorida,kemudian
panas kan ke dalam penangas air selama 5<span>
</span>menit lalu dinginkan </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tambahkan 10 ml
NaOH 10% dan kocok selama 10 menit.amati apa yang terjadi.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"><span> </span></span>VI.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hasil
Pengamatan</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Uji
Kelarutan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">no</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">kelompok</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tabung</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hasil pengamatan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">8</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">I</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">II</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">III</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">IV</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">V</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">VI</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">VII</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">VIII</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 536.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 536.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.2pt;" valign="top" width="271">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larut,terdapat
gelembung gas,kental</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larut
,terdapat gelembung gas,padat</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larut,terdapat
gelembung gas,kental</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larut
,terdapat gelembung gas,padat</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larut berwarna merah</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larut ,berwarna orange muda ,ada
gelembung gas ,mebeku</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larut ada gelembung gas</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tidak larut,ada gelembung gas ,beku</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larut ,padat (membeku),warna orange
muda</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larut warna merah,mengental</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larut ,kental,warna merah hati</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larut,beku,warna orange muda</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larut ,kental,warna merah hati</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larut,beku,warna orange muda</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larut,kental, warna merah hati</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larut,beku,warna orange muda</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" />
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Uji
Hinsberg</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 69.2pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">no</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">kelompok</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">tabung</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 185.95pt;" valign="top" width="248">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hasil pengamatan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 587.8pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 587.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">7</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 587.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">I</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">II</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">III</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">IV</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">V</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">VI</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">VII</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">VIII</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 587.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 587.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 185.95pt;" valign="top" width="248">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larutan
berwarna keruh kekunuingan</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lerutan
berwarna keruh pudar</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larutan
berwarna keruh kekunuingan</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lerutan berwarna keruh pudar</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larutan
berwarna keruh kekunuingan</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lerutan berwarna keruh pudar</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larutan
berwarna keruh kekunuingan</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lerutan berwarna keruh pudar</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larutan
berwarna keruh kekunuingan</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lerutan berwarna keruh pudar</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larutan
berwarna keruh kekunuingan</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lerutan berwarna keruh pudar</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larutan
berwarna keruh kekunuingan</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lerutan berwarna keruh pudar</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larutan
berwarna keruh kekunuingan</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lerutan berwarna keruh pudar</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.5in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>VII.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Uji kelarutan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada percobaan
ini ditambahkan 10 tetes HCL pekat,reaksi yang terjadi yaitu larutan tersebut
larut ,terdapat gelembung gas dan kental serta berwarna orange muda ,sedangkan
larutan ketika ditambahkan HCL pekat reaksi yang terjadi yaitu larutan terdapat
gelembung gas (seperti mendidih)dan tabung reaksi panas bila disentuh,larutan
mengup hingga larutan larut dan berubahdari cair menjadi padat ,hal ini karena
sifat asam yang dapat mengumpulkan protei.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Uji Hisberg</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada percobaan
ini ketika metanol ditambahkan dan kemudian dipanaskan selama 5 menitlalu didinginkan
dan ditambahkan NaOH 10%,reaksi yang terjadi yaitu larutan berwarna keruh
kekuningan dan larutan tersebut larut sehingga dapat disipulkan bahwa amina
primer yang merupakan asam lemah,sedangkan pada reaksi yang ditunjukan yaitu
perubahan warna ,larutan berwarna kuning pudar ,sama halnya debgan larutan
dietil larutan tersebut juga m erupakan ciri-ciri amina primer yang tak lain
adalah asam lemah hal tsb dapat dilihat darisifat larutan tsbyang mudah larut
seperti yang di jelaskan pada lietratur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.5in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>VIII.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Dari hasil pengamatan
dapat disimpulkan bahwa :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Asam dapat
menggumpalkan protein.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi amina dan HCl
dapat terjadi reaksi perubahan warna, suhu dan gelembung gas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Amina mudah larut
dengan HCl dan NaOH</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Amina dapat dibedakan
menjadi amina primer, sekunder dan tersier</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Amina merupakan asam
lemah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.5in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"><span> </span></span>IX.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Antony.1991.<i>Pengantar kimia Organik dan hayati</i>.Erlangga.Jakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyusun
tim.2008.<i>Penuntun Kimia Organik.</i>Aksara
baru.Yogyakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Latief,Madyawati,Dkk.2008.Penuntun
Kimia Organik.Unja.Jambi</span></div>
</m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16390600182959720541noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1718462759994140983.post-46034458316515584742012-04-14T23:41:00.002-07:002012-04-14T23:42:34.783-07:00LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM ANALISA KUALITATIF GUGUS FUNGSI KARBOKSIL<m:smallfrac m:val="off">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM
ANALISA KUALITATIF GUGUS FUNGSI KARBOKSIL</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Oleh : Nikmatul
khoiriyah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">JUDUL : Analisa kualitatif gugus fungsi
(III)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"> -
Karboksil -</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FI">TUJUAN : Memahami reaksi-reaksi analisis gugus
karboksil dalam suatu senyawa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">ALAT DAN BAHAN:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"> Alat
: - Tabung Reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 96pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="SV">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV">Pipet
Tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 96pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="SV">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV">Kertas
Ph</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span lang="SV">Bahan : - Larutan NaHCO<sub>3 </sub>5
%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 96pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="SV">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV">FeSO<sub>4</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 96pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="SV">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV">FeSO<sub>3</sub>
5%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 96pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="SV">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV">Etanol</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 96pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="SV">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV">Asam
Asetat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 96pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="SV">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV">Asam
Benzoat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 96pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="SV">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV">Asam
Oksalat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">WAKTU DAN TEMPAT
;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"> Hari : Rabu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"> Tanggal : 20 Aprril 2011</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"> Waktu : Pukul 10.00WIB – 12.00WIB</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"> Tempat : Lab. MIPA, UNJA Mendalo</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">PRINSIP TEORI :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"> Senyawa asam karboksilat merupakan
senyawa organik yang mengandung gugus karboksil (-COOH ) yang mengikat gugus
alkil ( R-COOH ) atau gugus aril ( Ar-COOH). Pada umumnya aril karboksilat
sifat keasamannya lebih kuat dari alkil karboksilat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"> </span>CH<sub>3</sub>COOH CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>-COOH</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Asam asetat Asam propionat Asam benzoat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
pKa = 4,75 pKa = 4,87 pKa = 4,2</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dalam larutan alkali asam karboksilat bereaksi membentuk
basa konjugasi dari garamnya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
R-COOH + KOH
------ R-COO<sup>-</sup>K<sup>+ </sup>+
H<sub>2</sub>O</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Catatan : </div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">R-COOH
sedikit larut dalam air jika R adalah gugus alkyl yang rantai C nya panjang</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">R-COO<sup>-</sup>K<sup>+</sup>
larut dalam air</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Asam organic yang
paling penting adalah asam-asam karboksilat. Gugus fungsinya adalah gugus
karboksil, kependekan dari dua bagian yaitu gugus karbonil dan hidroksil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Ciri-ciri asam
karboksilat :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">1. Mengandung
gugus COOH yang terikat pada gugus alkil ( R-COOH ) maupun gugus Aril (Ar-COOH ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">2. Kelarutan sama dengan alkohol </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">3. Asam dengan jumlah C 1-4 : larut dalam air </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">4. Asam dengan jumlah C = 5 : sukar larut dalam
air</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">5. Asam dengan jumlah C > 6 : tidak larut
dalam air</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">6. Larut dalam pelarut organik seperti eter
alkohol dan benzen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">7. TD asam karboksilat > TD alkohol C sama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">PRINSIP KERJA :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">1.Reaksi dengan
Natrium bikarbonat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"> Masukkan 1 ml asam yang akan
dianalisa ( asam asetat, asam benzoat, asam oksalat ), kedalam masing-masing
tabung reaksi, kemudian tambahkan beberapa tetes NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 5%. Amati
apa yang terjadi !</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">2.Membedakan asam
mono dan dikarboksilat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"> Terhadap senyawa yang akan dianalisa
( asam asetat, asm benzoat, asam oksalat ), tambahkan 10 tetes FeSO<sub>4 </sub>5%.
Amati apa yang terjadi !</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">3.Reaksi dengan
FeCl<sub>4</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"> Sedikit larutan yang akan dianalisa
( asam asetat, asam benzoat, asam oksalat ) ditambahkan beberapa tetes larutan
FeCl<sub>4</sub>. Amati apa yang tarjadi !</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">4.Pengukuran Ph</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"> Jika senyawa larut dalam air, buatlah
larutan berairnya, dan cek Ph larutan tersebut dengan menggunakan kertas Ph.
Jika senyawanya tidak larut dalam air, maka terlebih dahulu larutkan dalam
etanol, kemudian tambahkan air sampai larutan keruh, jernihkan larutan dengan
penambahan beberapa tatas etanol. Kemudian tantukan pHnya dengan kertas Ph.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">HASIL PENGAMATAN
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">1.Reaksi dengan
Natrium bikarbonat (uji NaHCO<sub>3</sub>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 0.2in;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.55pt;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 16.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Sampel</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Kelompok I</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Kelompok II</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Kelompok III</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 44.75pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 44.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Asam asetat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 44.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Bening </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 44.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Bening +
Gelembung</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 44.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Putih
kekeruhan, larut, terdapat gelembung gas</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 44.75pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 44.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Asam benzoat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 44.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Bening,
terdapat gelembung</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 44.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Bening +
Gelembung</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 44.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Bening +
Gelembung</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 44.75pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 44.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Asam oksalat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 44.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Bening,
terdapat gelembung gas</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 44.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Bening +
Gelembung</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 44.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Putih bening,
terdapat gelembung gas</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">2.Membedakan Mono
dan dikarboksilat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 0.2in;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.45pt;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 16.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.85pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Sampel</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.3pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Kelompok IV</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.35pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Kelompok V</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Kelompok VI</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 27.2pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 27.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.85pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Asam asetat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.3pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Bening, tidak
ada endapan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.35pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Bening, tidak
ada endapan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Bening, tidak
ada endapan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 26.35pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.85pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Asam benzoat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.3pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Keruh, ada
endapan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.35pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Putih keruh,
ada endapan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Keruh, ada
endapan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 27.2pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 27.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.85pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Asam oksalat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.3pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Kuning, ada
endapan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.35pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Kuning,
terdapat endapan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Kunong, ada
endapan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">3.Reaksi dengan
FeCl<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 0.2in;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Sampel</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Kelompok VII</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Kelompok VIII</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Asam asetat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Orange bening</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Orange bening</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Asam benzoat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Orange keruh</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Orange bening</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Asam oksalat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Kuning
kehijauan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Kuning
kehijauan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">4.Pengukuran
pH </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 0.2in;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Sampel</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Tes I</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Tes II</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Tes III</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Asam asetat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Asam benzoat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV">4</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Asam oksalat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV">1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">PEMBAHASAN :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">1.Reaksi dengan
Natrium bikarbonat (uji NaHCO<sub>3</sub>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"> Dari hasil pengamatan yang telah
dilakukan, asam karboksilat jika direaksikan dengan Natrium bikarbonat (NaHCO<sub>3</sub>)
akan menghasilkan gelembung gas dan berwarna bening, namun ada juga yang
hasilnya berwarna putih dan putih keruh. Baik itu dari sampel asam asetat, asam
benzoat dan asam oksalat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"> Atom hidrogen ( H ) pada gugus
karboksil (-COOH ) dalam asam karboksilat seperti asam asetat dapat dilepaskan
sebagai ion H<sup>+</sup> ( proton ), sehingga memberikan sifat asam. Fungsi
Natrium bikarbonat sebagai tambahan pembuatan kue. NaHCO<sub>3</sub> jika
direaksikan dengan semua larutan akan menghasilkan gelembung gas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">2.Membekan Mono
dan dikarboksilat ( uji FeSO<sub>4</sub> )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"> Dari hasil pengamatan yang telah
dilakukan, untuk asam karboksilat dengan FeSO<sub>4</sub> memberikan hasil yang
berbeda-beda pada tiap sampel. Untuk sampel asam asetat hasilnya yaitu berwarna
bening dan tidak terdapat endapan, untuk sampel asam benzoat menghasilkan warna
putih keruh dan terdapat endapan. Sedangkan untuk sampel asam oksalat
memberikan hasil yaitu warna kuning dan terdapat endapan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="NO-BOK">3.Reaksi
dengan FeCl<sub>3</sub> ( uji FeCl<sub>3 </sub>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="NO-BOK"> Dari hasil pengamatan yang telah
dilakukan, reaksi asam karboksilat dengan FeCl<sub>3</sub> untuk asam asetat
menghasilkan wana orange bening, untuk sampel asm benzoat menghasilkan hasil
warna oranhge keruh dan orange bening, sedangkan untuk sampel asam oksalat
menghasilkan warna kuning kehijauan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="NO-BOK">4.
Pengukuran pH</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="NO-BOK"> Untuk mengukur pH suatu larutan
dapat digunakan kertas lakmus. Dari hasil pengamatan yang telah dilakukan untuk
sampel asam asetat mempunyai pH 2, untuk sampel asam benzoat mempunyai pH 3
sedangkan untuk asam oksalat mempunyai pH 1. pH adalah suatu satuan ukur yang
menguraikan derajat tingkat kadar keasaman dari suatu larutan. Unit pH di ukur
pada skala 0 – 14.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="NO-BOK"> pH dibentuk dari informasi
kuantitatif yang dinyatakan oleh tinkat derajat keasaman atau basa yang
diberikan dengan aktivitas ion hidrogen. Anailai pH dari suatu unsur adalah
perbandingan antara konsentrasi ion hydrogen [ H<sup>+ </sup>] dengan
konsentrasi ion hidroksil [ OH<sup>- </sup>]. </span><span lang="SV">Asam dan basa mempunyai ion hydrogen bebas dan ion
alkali bebas. Besarnya konsentrasi ion H<sup>+</sup> dalam larutan disebut
derajat keasaman. Untuk menyatakan derajat keasaman suatu larutan dipakai
pengertian pH .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">KESIMPULAN :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV">Natrium bikarbonat jika direaksilkan
dengan asam karboksilat akan menghasilkan warna benung dan terdapat
gelembung gas.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV">FeSO<sub>4</sub> jika direaksikan
dengan asam karboksilat akan terbentuk endapan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV">FeCl<sub>3</sub> jika direaksikan
dengan asam karboksilat akan menghasilkan warna orange bening.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV">– Untuk mengukur pH suatu larutan
dapat digunakan kertas lakmus.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span lang="FI">- Asam oksalat mempunyai derajat
keasaman paling tinggi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FI">DAFTAR PUSTAKA :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FI">Latief,
Madyawati,dkk.2009.Penuntun Kimia Organik I.UNJA.Jambi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FI"><a href="http://situs/"><span lang="EN-US">Http://situs</span></a></span>
kimia indonesia.chem-is-try.org.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Http:emonmeong.wordpress.com/2011/12/16’</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Http://tamoy.com/list/pengukura-PH-larutan.s</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16390600182959720541noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1718462759994140983.post-32958109199062632892012-04-11T09:04:00.001-07:002012-04-11T09:04:45.301-07:00Biography Super Junior (SuJu)<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
Posted, 11 April 2012 </h3>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
[BIO] Super Junior Member Profile
</h3>
<div class="post-header">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikeGYGjKoD0sEfFmNjqbR_vmjIw51pZZDBjif4-qXCGAGqWqNpisd9jk28J3nLmLuBi6_R86iIF41QiAP31DMyYb-a5XpZLWm0F85twkIyJ9SpGDlR3ZsKiZiywBX5EMydyFhlAl1UWXMM/s1600/Leetuek+with+birthday+cake.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikeGYGjKoD0sEfFmNjqbR_vmjIw51pZZDBjif4-qXCGAGqWqNpisd9jk28J3nLmLuBi6_R86iIF41QiAP31DMyYb-a5XpZLWm0F85twkIyJ9SpGDlR3ZsKiZiywBX5EMydyFhlAl1UWXMM/s320/Leetuek+with+birthday+cake.jpg" width="212" /></a><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></b><br /><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Park Jung Soo (박정수)</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Stage Name :</b> Lee Teuk (이특)</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Chinese Name : </b>朴 正 秀 / 李 特</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>English Name :</b> Dennis Park</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Nickname(s):</b> Angel without Wings (날개잃은천사), Gaeteuk (개특, named by Heechul), Special Leader (특별한리더), Peter Pan, Ori (오리 aka Duck)<br /><b>Date of Birth:</b> July 1, 1983<br /><b>Place of Birth: </b>Seoul Yeonshinnae (서울 연신내 은평구)<br /><b>Height: </b>178 cm/5' 10.1" in (said on Star King that his real height without shoelifts is 175 cm/5' 9")<br /><b>Weight: </b>59 kg/129.8 lb<br /><b>Blood Type: </b>A<br /><b>Siblings:</b> older sister Park Inyoung (1982)<br /><b>Specialty/Hobby:</b> Piano, Composition, Listening to music, Singing<br /><b>Education: </b>Transferred from Paekche Institute of the Arts (백제예술대학) to Inha University (인하대학교)<br /><b>Misc. Info.: </b>Leeteuk
was wandering around lost in the streets of Seoul when an SM scout saw
him and gave him a business card. He auditioned in 2000 and made his
first appearance the same year as an extra sitting in an auditorium in
MBC's "All About Eve." His stage name Eeteuk (이특) means "special."<br /><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFlWoDUs4eeN-R6oaREl6oF5ErZXwKXjzMQ2a5ATciSBArAmdgHlJTGLJCPeZY3Wo8m42iQPU3zUEYpQ6JLU-9GAabwF8aRrnvTji8aLPvuvLiat0hrraVLj1qz3NnNG9IgG-4_5c1yo46/s1600/Heechul.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFlWoDUs4eeN-R6oaREl6oF5ErZXwKXjzMQ2a5ATciSBArAmdgHlJTGLJCPeZY3Wo8m42iQPU3zUEYpQ6JLU-9GAabwF8aRrnvTji8aLPvuvLiat0hrraVLj1qz3NnNG9IgG-4_5c1yo46/s320/Heechul.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Kim Hee Chul (김희철)</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Chinese Name :</b> 金 希 澈</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>English Name : </b>Casey Kim</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Nickname(s): </b>Heenim
(희님), Cinderella (신데렐라), Flower (꽃), Kim Pink (김분홍), Kim Moodswing
(김기복), Kim Cherry (from Youngstreet), Snake (from the Zodiac),
Heerobbong (part of the Bbong brothers with Donghae and U-Know Yunho),
Heebongie Hyung (Yesung's nickname for Heechul)<br /><b>Date of Birth:</b> July 10, 1983<br /><b>Place of Birth: </b>Hoengseong County, Kangwondo (강원도 횡성군); grew up in Wonju, Kangwondo (강원도 원주) where his parents still reside<br /><b>Height:</b> 179 cm/5' 10.5" in (stated in his 100Q/100A from August 26, 2007 that his height is actually 178 cm/5' 10.1")<br /><b>Weight: </b>60 kg/132 lb<br /><b>Blood Type:</b> AB<br /><b>Siblings: </b>older sister Kim Heejin (1982)<br /><b>Pets:</b>
Heebum (Russian Blue cat) since 11/11/06, Champagne (Siamese cat) since
7/26/08; used to have Yamchae (Russian Blue cat) given to him by fans
from 7/13/05 to 11/3/05, but he ran away while Heechul was away for a
few days filming.<br /><b>Specialty/Hobby: </b>Writing poems, Writing fairy tales, Computer games<br /><b>Education: </b>Sangji University (상지대학교); reportedly graduated in 2008.<br /><b>Official Website:</b> <a href="http://www.rellagyo.com/">http://www.rellagyo.com</a><br /><b>Soompi Thread:</b> <a href="http://www.soompi.co...showtopic%3d23645/">http://www.soompi.co...showtopic=23645</a><br /><b>Misc. Info.: </b>On
a whim, Heechul searched the internet for entertainment companies and
it so happened that SM was having open auditions so he went with his
friends to Seoul to sightsee/audition. Being unfamiliar with the area,
he got lost and missed the open audition hours. They told him that it
was too late, but according to him, took one look at his face and
changed their minds :) He was allowed to audition and was cast through
Starlight Casting System in October 2002. He debuted as an actor on
March 6, 2005 through the youth drama KBS's "Banolim 2" as Baek Jinwoo.<br /><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdd9KZdKNruEqL76qEIVdMsuc2KZ8XdtQFgt7KaOYsVMqY4WyTTiyra7Ov1LhV6LTkggFPI-LoI7wEt780P_ZBRqjYFxoXDzitpDFx4IV85zLutEaR-vHe34hVUMRBpvPs4L3g8H1ZMrn8/s1600/Hangeng+-+with+doll.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdd9KZdKNruEqL76qEIVdMsuc2KZ8XdtQFgt7KaOYsVMqY4WyTTiyra7Ov1LhV6LTkggFPI-LoI7wEt780P_ZBRqjYFxoXDzitpDFx4IV85zLutEaR-vHe34hVUMRBpvPs4L3g8H1ZMrn8/s320/Hangeng+-+with+doll.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Han Geng (韩 庚)</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Korean Name : </b>한경 (Han Kyung)</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>English Name :</b> Joshua Tan</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Nickname(s):</b>
Beijing Fried Rice (북경밥 aka Bukkyungbap; came during "Full House," from
Hangeng mispronouncing and Heechul mishearing 볶음밥 aka Bokkeumbap which
just means fried rice in Korean), Dragon (from the Zodiac)<br /><b>Date of Birth:</b> February 9, 1984<br /><b>Place of Birth:</b> Mudanjiang in the Hei Long Jiang (黑龙江/흑륭성) Province, located in the northeastern part of China<br /><b>Height: </b>181 cm/5' 11.3"<br /><b>Weight:</b> 66 kg/145.2 lbs<br /><b>Blood Type:</b> B (he originally thought he was O then A. It was only in summer 2006 that he found out that his blood type was B.)<br /><b>Siblings:</b> only child<br /><b>Pets:</b>
used to have Rong Rong (dog) which was given to him by fans for a
little while in March-June 2007, but had to give him away because he
wasn't home enough to take care of him; Mao Mao (lives with Hankyung's
parents in China)<br /><b>Specialty/Hobby:</b> Chinese traditional dance, Ballet, Computer games<br /><b>Education:</b> Central University for Nationalities (중앙민족대학교)<br /><b>Soompi Thread: </b><a href="http://www.soompi.co...howtopic%3d262497/">http://www.soompi.co...howtopic=262497</a><br /><b>Misc. Info.:</b>
Hangeng accompanied a friend who was auditioning at the H.O.T. CHINA
Audition in 2001 and was talked into auditioning himself. He was chosen
as a handful among 3000 who auditioned. He made his debut as a model in a
fashion show F/W General idea by Bum Suk in May 2005.<br /><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigKoQB1QpSA12kpMq1Ue8MJiRAGcw80seRZSy1Twhn6keq5hlvRYdy5nmEWkYX0H0odeM_qrolB3MHKZB6VRxu6sYpAuHuwZtWdK3Y0l4i8Di_XKDHojoYBgEal6grg4RPGFfcTti-V1u7/s1600/Yesung+-+KTR.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigKoQB1QpSA12kpMq1Ue8MJiRAGcw80seRZSy1Twhn6keq5hlvRYdy5nmEWkYX0H0odeM_qrolB3MHKZB6VRxu6sYpAuHuwZtWdK3Y0l4i8Di_XKDHojoYBgEal6grg4RPGFfcTti-V1u7/s320/Yesung+-+KTR.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Kim Joong Woon (김종운)</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Stage Name :</b> Ye Sung (예성)</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Chinese Name : </b>金 鐘 雲 / 藝 聲</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>English Name :</b> Jerome Kim</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Nickname(s): </b>Cloud (구룸), Dog (from the Zodiac), Rabid Dog (광견; Heechul's nickname for Yesung)<br /><b>Date of Birth:</b> August 24, 1984<br /><b>Place of Birth:</b> Chunahn in Southern Choongchung Province (충남 천안)(충청남도 천안)<br /><b>Height:</b> 178 cm/5' 10.1"<br /><b>Weight: </b>64 kg/140.8 lb<br /><b>Blood Type: </b>AB<br /><b>Siblings: </b>younger brother Kim Jongjin (1987)<br /><b>Pets:</b>
a turtle named Ttangkkoma (땅꼬마 which means 'small runt') since 12/4/08;
he mentioned on "Olnbam" that it cost him 200,000 won (~$150).<br /><b>Specialty/Hobby:</b> Singing, Listening to music, Exercise<br /><b>Education: </b>Chungwoon
University (청운대학교), Broadcast Music major, possibly transferred to
Sunmoon University (선문대학교); reportedly graduated in early 2009.<br /><b>Misc. Info.:</b>
Yesung won gold in the 1999 ChunAn Singing Contest. He was encouraged
to audition for SM by his mother who secretly submitted his application
without telling him. He auditioned for SM in 2001. His stage name Yesung
(예성) is an acronym for 예술가의 성대 which means "Vocal Chords of an Artist."<br /><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Kim Young Woon (김영운)</b></span></div>
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<b>Stage Name :</b> KangIn (강인)</div>
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<b>Chinese Name :</b> 强 仁</div>
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<b>English Name : </b>Jordan Kim</div>
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<b>Nickname(s):</b>
Kang Kings (강깅쓰), Kkang (깡), Neoguri (너구리 aka Racoon, named by Anya
from "Full House"), Ox (from the Zodiac), Youngchoon (영춘; Heechul's
nickname for Kangin, Heechul claims that this is Kangin's real first
name)<br /><b>Date of Birth: </b>January 17, 1985<br /><b>Place of Birth:</b> Seoul Seodaemoongoo HongEunDong (서울 서대문구 홍은동) (서울 서대문구)<br /><b>Height: </b>180 cm/5' 10.9"<br /><b>Weight: </b>70 kg/154 lb<br /><b>Blood Type:</b> O<br /><b>Siblings:</b> only child<br /><b>Pets:</b>
Gongju (공주 which means Princess; it's a female Japanese Spitz, shown on
ChinChin 11/7/08; the coordi noona told him that her eyes look just
like his so he bought it)<br /><b>Specialty/Hobby:</b> Acting, Singing, Exercise (kick boxing), Swimming<br /><b>Education:</b> Kyunghee University (경희대학교)<br /><b>Soompi Thread:</b> <a href="http://www.soompi.co...howtopic%3d253556/">http://www.soompi.co...howtopic=253556</a><br /><b>Misc. Info.:</b>
Kangin was on a class field trip goofing off with his friends when an
SM scout spotted him. He entered the 2002 SM Youth Best Contest (청소년 베스트
선발대회) and won first place for Best Outward Appearance. He made his
debut as a panelist on SBS "One Night's TV Entertainment (한밤의 TV연예)" in
2004. His stage name Kangin (강인) means "strong benevolence." He is known
for his physical strength.<br /><br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Shin Dong Hee (신동희)</b></span></div>
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<b>Stage Name : </b>Shin Dong (신동)</div>
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<b>Chinese Name : </b>申 東 熙 / 申 東 or 神 童</div>
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<b>English Name :</b> Matthew Shin</div>
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<b>Nickname(s): </b>Dongri Dong Dong (from Ppo Ppo Ppo)<br /><b>Date of Birth:</b> September 28, 1985<br /><b>Place of Birth: </b>Moonkyung in Northern KyungGi Province (Kyungbook Moonkyung/경북 문경) (경 기도 일산)<br /><b>Height:</b> 178 cm/5' 10.1"<br /><b>Weight:</b>
90 kg/198 lb (he stated on his minihompy that he started his current
diet at 103 kg/227 lb. Shindong stated during an interview during the
Super Show in Shanghai that at one point, he had lost up to 19 kg, but
that he had gained 4 kg back so he's lost a total of 15 kg - 11/22/08;
as of 3/25, Shindong stated that he's gained back 10kg from his peak
weight loss of 20kg so at ~93 kg/205 lbs)<br /><b>Blood Type: </b>O<br /><b>Siblings: </b>only child<br /><b>Specialty/Hobby: </b>Making facial expressions, Making jokes, Dancing<br /><b>Education:</b> Paekche Institute of the Arts (백제예술대학)<br /><b>Soompi Thread: </b><a href="http://www.soompi.co...howtopic%3d197078/">http://www.soompi.co...howtopic=197078</a><br /><b>Misc. Info.: </b>Prior
to joining SM, Shindong won the 2002 and 2003 Goyangshi Youth Dance
contest (Grand Prize in 2002 and Gold Prize in 2003) and the 2004 Mnet
Epi Contest (Gold Prize and Popularity Award). He entered the 2005 SM
Youth Best Contest (청소년 베스트 선발대회) and won first place for Best Comedian
and Grand Prize overall. Shindong made his debut the same year as the MC
for DBSK's Sweet Rose Party. He owns a scooter which he calls Kkoolie
(꿀이 which is equivalent to "Oinkie" since in Korea "kkool" is the sound
pigs make) and often goes riding with Sungmin, with whom he also shares a
love of photography. His stage name Shindong (신동), originally comes
from his last name and first character of his first name (申 東), but they
often take a different meaning to his name, 神 童 which means "prodigy"
and is aptly named since Shindong is known for his numerous creative
abilities.<br /><br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Lee Sung Min (이성민)</b></span></div>
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<b>Chinese Name : </b>李 成 民</div>
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<b>English Name :</b> Vincent Lee</div>
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<b>Nickname(s):</b> Sweet Pumpkin (단호박 comes from his line in a one-episode drama called "Sea of sisters"), Minimi (미니미)<br /><b>Date of Birth:</b> January 1, 1986<br /><b>Place of Birth: </b>Ilsan in KyungGi Province (경기도 일산) (서울)<br /><b>Height: </b>175 cm/5' 8.9"<br /><b>Weight:</b> 57 kg/125.4 lb<br /><b>Blood Type:</b> A<br /><b>Siblings: </b>younger brother Lee Sungjin<br /><b>Pets</b>:
Ari (Yorkshire Terrier dog, name means "Fighting" in Korean. This isn't
the same dog that he looked after for a month on "Animal Farm." That
Ari was adopted by another family.)<br /><b>Specialty/Hobby: </b>Chinese martial arts, Acting, Watching movies, Playing instruments<br /><b>Education:</b> Transferred from Seoul Arts University (서울예대학교); currently a student at Myongji University (명지대학교)<br /><b>Misc. Info.:</b>
Sungmin entered the 2001 SM Youth Best Contest (청소년 베스트 선발대회) and
jointly along with Donghae won first place for Best Outward Appearance.
He debuted on SBS "Showdown of the Century (세기의 대결)," a show that
showcased various SM trainees, hosted by Kangta and Moon Heejun of
H.O.T. in 2002. He owns a scooter which he calls Byul (별 which means
Star) and often goes riding with Shindong, with whom he also shares a
love of photography.<br /><br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Lee Hyuk Jae (이혁재)</b></span></div>
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<b>Stage Name :</b> Eun Hyuk (은혁)</div>
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<b>Chinese Name :</b> 李 赫 宰 / 銀 赫</div>
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<b>English Name :</b> Spencer Lee</div>
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<b>Nickname(s): </b>Jewel Guy (보석미남), Monkey (from the Zodiac)<br /><b>Date of Birth:</b> April 4, 1986<br /><b>Place of Birth:</b> Goyangshi NeungGok (고양시 능곡) (경기도 일산)<br /><b>Height: </b>176 cm/5' 9.3" (mentioned on Yashimmanman that his real height was +/- 2 cm so 174 cm/5' 8.5" :))<br /><b>Weight: </b>58 kg/127.6 lb<br /><b>Blood Type:</b> O<br /><b>Siblings:</b> older sister Lee Sora (1984)<br /><b>Pets:</b> Choco (lives with his parents)<br /><b>Specialty/Hobby:</b> Dancing (all genres), Exercising, Listening to music<br /><b>Education:</b> Currently a student at Pai Chai University (배재대학교)<br /><b>Misc. Info.:</b>
Eunhyuk entered SM in 2000. His best friend since elementary school is
DBSK's Xiah Junsu. They went to the same school and due to their mutual
love of dancing, they became dance partners and best friends. He, like
Sungmin, debuted on SBS "Showdown of the Century (세기의 대결)," a show that
showcased various SM trainees, hosted by Kangta and Moon Heejun of
H.O.T. in 2002. His stage name was created because there is a well-known
Korean comedian who has the same name. He decided to add an Eun which
means "silver" thus the precious jewel of his nickname to the first part
of his name deriving Eunhyuk.<br /><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Lee Dong Hae (이동해)</b></span></div>
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<b>Chinese Name : </b>李 東 海</div>
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<b>English Name :</b> Aiden Lee</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Nickname(s): </b>Fishy
(물고기, it's actually just "fish" but because of how Koreans pronounce
it, it became "Fishy" to international fans), Donghae Bada (동해바다, East
Sea), Pinocchio (named by Heechul), Dorobbong (part of the Bbong
brothers with Heechul and U-Know Yunho), Tiger (from the Zodiac)<br /><b>Date of Birth: </b>October 15, 1986<br /><b>Place of Birth: </b>Mokpo in Southern Jeolla Province (Jeollanamdo Mokpo/전라남도 목포)(전라남도 목포)<br /><b>Height: </b>175 cm/5' 8.9"<br /><b>Weight:</b> 60 kg/132 lb (Donghae mentioned on Itta Upta 4/4/09 that he weighed 59kg)<br /><b>Blood Type: </b>A<br /><b>Siblings: </b>older brother Donghwa<br /><b>Pets: </b>Bada
(Bichon Maltese dog, name comes from Donghae's name East Sea, thus Bada
meaning "Sea"), Meo (Bichon Maltese dog, name is short for "Romeo")<br /><b>Specialty/Hobby: </b>Dancing, Exercise, Singing, Watching movies<br /><b>Education: </b>Currently a student at Myongji University (명지대학교)<br /><b>Misc. Info.: </b>Donghae
was encouraged to become a singer by his late father (who passed away
on August 8, 2006 due to melonoma), who had wanted to pursue singing as a
youth, but was never able to. He was a member of the Starlight Academy
and jointly with Sungmin won first place in 2001 SM Youth Best Contest
(청소년 베스트 선발대회) for Best Outward Appearance. His real name Donghae means
"East Sea" and thus a lot of his nicknames derive from this. Currently,
he operates a minihompy under the name Kim Hyang Sook, which is his
mother's name. The reason for this is that his last minihompy was hacked
into so he no longer has access to it.(mentioned during an interview)<br /><br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Choi Si Won (최시원)</b></span></div>
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<b>Chinese Name : </b>崔 始 源</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>English Name :</b> Andrew Choi</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Nickname(s): </b>Simba (named by Heechul), Horse (from the Zodiac)<br /><b>Date of Birth: </b>February
10, 1987 (Apparently, Shiwon's real birthday is April 7, 1986... Eeteuk
said Shiwon's birthday was coming up soon on his minihompy on 4/5/09.
The story is that his parents didn't registered his birth until February
of the following year for whatever reason so in official documents his
birthday is listed as February 10. However, despite the fact that his
actual birthday is April 7, February 10 is the birthday he officially
celebrates with Super Junior fans so...)<br /><b>Place of Birth:</b> Seoul Gangnam (south of Han River near Apgujung) (서울 강남)<br /><b>Height: </b>183 cm/6'<br /><b>Weight:</b> 65 kg/143 lb<br /><b>Blood Type:</b> B<br /><b>Siblings: </b>younger sister Choi Jiwon<br /><b>Specialty/Hobby: </b>Singing, Dancing, Acting, Taekwondo, Chinese (language), Playing drums<br /><b>Official Website:</b> <a href="http://www.onlysiwon.com/">http://www.onlysiwon.com</a><br /><b>Soompi Thread:</b> <a href="http://www.soompi.co.../?showtopic=3392">http://www.soompi.co...?showtopic=3392</a><br /><b>Education: </b>Currently a student at Inha University (인하대학교), Physical Education major<br /><b>Misc. Info.: </b>Siwon
was spotted by an SM scout during his junior high graduation. Against
the objections of his father and much struggle, he joined SM in 2003 and
made his debut in Dana's MV "What is Love" in October 2003.<br /><br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Kim Ryeo Wook (김려욱)</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Chinese Name : </b>金 麗 旭</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>English Name :</b> Nathan Kim</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Nickname(s): </b>Eternal Mangnae (만년막내 literally means "for 10,000 years, the youngest")<br />Date of Birth: June 21, 1987<br /><b>Place of Birth:</b> Inchon Bupyung Sanggokdong (인천 부평 상곡동)<br /><b>Height: </b>173 cm/5' 8.1"<br /><b>Weight: </b>58 kg/127.6 lb<br /><b>Blood Type:</b> O<br /><b>Siblings: </b>only child<br /><b>Specialty/Hobby:</b> Singing, Composition<br /><b>Education:</b> Currently a student at Inha University (인하대학교), Theater Arts major<br /><b>Misc. Info.:</b>
Ryeowook won first place in a singing contest on MBC FM radio's ‘별이 빛나는
밤에 (Starry Night)’ which lead him to enter the 2004 CMB ChinChin Star
Festival (CMB 친친 청소년가요제) where he won Silver Award. He was a devout fan
of the female pop group S.E.S. and was a member of their official
fanclub.<br /><br /><br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Kim Ki Bum (김기범)</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Chinese Name : </b>金 基 范</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>English Name :</b> Bryan Trevor Kim</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Nickname(s):</b> Snow White (named by Heechul), Yangban Kim (named by Heechul)<br /><b>Date of Birth: </b>August 21, 1987<br /><b>Place of Birth:</b> Seoul (서울)<br /><b>Height: </b>179 cm/5' 10.5" (stated on Yashimmanman that his real height was 177 cm/5' 9.7")<br /><b>Weight: </b>58 kg/127.6 lb<br /><b>Blood Type: </b>A<br /><b>Siblings: </b>younger sister Kim Saehee<br /><b>Official Website:</b> <a href="http://www.actorkibum.smtown.com/">http://www.actorkibum.smtown.com</a><br /><b>Soompi Thread:</b> <a href="http://www.soompi.co...showtopic%3d24763/">http://www.soompi.co...showtopic=24763</a><br /><b>Education:</b> Unknown<br /><b>Misc. Info.: </b>Kibum
was spotted walking around during a Korean Festival in LA by a SM scout
and joined SM in 2002. He made his first appearance in the KBS2 drama
"April Kiss" in 2004 as the younger version of the main character.<br /><br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cho Kyu Hyun (조규현)</b></span></div>
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<b>Chinese Name :</b> 曹 奎 賢</div>
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<b>English Name :</b> Marcus Cho</div>
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<b>Nickname(s): </b>Kim Kyu (김규, named by Heechul), Game Kyu (겜규) , Jumong Kyu (주몽규) , Chic Kyu (시크규)</div>
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<b>Date of Birth:</b> February 3, 1988</div>
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<b>Place of Birth:</b> Seoul Nohwon (서울 노원) (서울)</div>
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<b>Height: </b>180 cm/5' 10.9"</div>
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<b>Weight: </b>68 kg/149.6 lb</div>
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<b>Blood Type:</b> A</div>
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<b>Siblings:</b> older sister Cho Ara (1985)</div>
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<b>Specialty/Hobby: </b>Singing, Listening to music, Watching movies</div>
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<b>Education: </b>Currently a student at Kyunghee University (경희대학교), Post Modern Music major</div>
<b>Misc. Info.: </b>Kyuhyun won Bronze Award at the 2005 CMB ChinChin Star Festival (CMB 친친 청소년가요제).Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16390600182959720541noreply@blogger.com0